Tiempos presentes - El presente perfecto

El presente perfecto en inglés sirve para hablar de acciones del pasado que tienen alguna relación con el presente. Lo utilizamos para acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia en el presente. Se puede usar con expresiones de tiempo no concretas (never, ever, many times, for, since, already, yet, ...).

                       I have never flown in a plane = Nunca he volado en un avión

- Formación del present perfect
- Usos mas importantes del present perfect
 


- Formación del present perfect

  Forma afirmativa

  Se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to have" (en presente) y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga (si es regular se añade "-ed" y si es irregular, el participio pasado según lista de irregulares). Se puede contraer (I have worked = I´ve worked; o He has worked = He´s worked)

               Verbo regular (work = trabajar)               Verbo irregular (eat, ate, eaten; = comer)

                         I have worked                                                    I have eaten
                        You have worked                                               You have eaten
                         He has worked                                                   He has eaten
                         She has worked                                                 She has eaten
                         It has worked                                                     It has eaten
                         We have worked                                                We have eaten
                         You have worked                                               You have eaten
                         They have worked                                              They have eaten

  -  Excepciones al añadir "-ed" a los verbos regulares

                 Para verbos que terminan en una "-e", solo añadimos "-d"
           
                                   change =) changed
                                   believe =) believed

                 Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante (excepto "y" o "w"), doblamos la
                 consonante final

                                   stop =) stopped
                                   commit =) committed
               
                  Con verbos que terminan en una consonante y una "-y", se cambia la "-y" por una "-i"

                                    study =) studied
                                    try =) tried

    Forma negativa

    Unicamente se niega el verbo auxiliar "to have" (en presente). Se puede contraer (I have not worked = I´ve not worked; o, I haven´t worked)

                 Verbo regular (work = trabajar)               Verbo irregular (eat, ate, eaten; = comer)

                         I have not worked                                                 I have not eaten
                        You have not worked                                             You have not eaten
                         He has not worked                                                 He has not eaten
                         She has not worked                                                She has not eaten
                         It has not worked                                                   It has not eaten
                         We have not worked                                              We have not eaten
                         You have not worked                                             You have not eaten
                         They have not worked                                            They have not eaten

    Forma interrogativa

    Solo cambia el orden del verbo auxiliar "to have" (en presente)

                   Verbo regular (work = trabajar)               Verbo irregular (eat, ate, eaten; = comer)

                         Have I worked?                                                   Have I eaten?
                        Have you worked?                                               Have you eaten?
                         Has he worked?                                                   Has he eaten?
                         Has she worked?                                                 Has she eaten?
                         Has it worked?                                                     Has it eaten?
                         Have we worked?                                                Have we eaten?
                         Have you worked?                                               Have you eaten?
                         Have they worked?                                              Have they eaten?

-  Usos mas importantes del present perfect

   Para expresar una acción pasada cuyo resultado guarda relacción con el presente

              I have no money; I´ve lost my wallet = No tengo dinero; he perdido la cartera

     *Acciones dentro de un periodo de tiempo aún no acabado (today, this week, this month, etc...)

              I haven´t seen her this week = No la he visto esta semana (la semana no ha terminado)
              I didn´t see her last week = No la vi la semana pasada (pasado simple, la semana terminó)
     
     *Con adverbios o locuciones adverbiales de tiempo indefinido (ever, never, already, yet, etc...)

                                 Have you eaten yet? = ¿Has comido ya?
                                 I´ve already finised = Ya he terminado

     *Para acciones recién acabadas se utiliza "just"

                                I´ve just got your letter = Acabo de recibir tu carta

  Para indicar una acción que empieza en el pasado y que todavía dura en el momento actual

                       Peter has been ill since Tuesday = Peter lleva enfermo desde el martes 
                       They have lived here since 1977 = Han vivido aquí desde 1977 (siguen viviendo aquí)